by是一个雅思常考词汇，这个词的常用解释为prep. 被； 凭借； 经由； 由于ad. 在近旁； 经过，这个词在很多英文原版小说中怎么应用呢，今天小编就带您了解一下。
在丹尼尔·笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》里，有这样的句子出现：
-- He got a good estate by merchandise, and leaving off his trade, lived af-terwards at York, from whence he had married my mother, whose relations were named Robinson, a very good fam-ily in that country, and from whom I was called Robinson Kreutznaer; but, by the usual corruption of words in Eng-land, we are now called - nay we call ourselves and write our name - Crusoe; and so my companions always called me.
-- I had two elder brothers, one of whom was lieuten-ant-colonel to an English regiment of foot in Flanders, formerly commanded by the famous Colonel Lockhart, and was killed at the battle near Dunkirk against the Spaniards.
-- He called me one morning into his chamber, where he was con-fined by the gout, and expostulated very warmly with me upon this subject.
-- He asked me what reasons, more than a mere wandering inclination, I had for leaving father's house and my native country, where I might be well introduced, and had a prospect of raising my fortune by application and industry, with a life of ease and pleasure.
-- He told me it was men of desperate fortunes on one hand, or of aspir-ing, superior fortunes on the other, who went abroad upon adventures, to rise by enterprise, and make themselves fa-mous in undertakings of a nature out of the common road; that these things were all either too far above me or too far below me; that mine was the middle state, or what might be called the upper station of low life, which he had found, by long experience, was the best state in the world, the most suited to human happiness, not exposed to the miseries and hardships, the labour and sufferings of the mechanic part of mankind, and not embarrassed with the pride, luxury, am-bition, and envy of the upper part of mankind.
在简·奥斯汀的《理智与情感》里，有这样的句子出现：
-- By a former marriage, Mr. Henry Dashwood had one son: by his present lady, three daughters.
-- The son, a steady respectable young man, was amply provided for by the fortune of his mother, which had been large, and half of which devolved on him on his coming of age.
-- By his own marriage, likewise, which happened soon afterwards, he added to his wealth.
-- Mr. Dashwood had wished for it more for the sake of his wife and daughters than for himself or his son; but to his son, and his son's son, a child of four years old, it was secured, in such a way, as to leave to himself no power of providing for those who were most dear to him, and who most needed a provision by any charge on the estate, or by any sale of its valuable woods.
-- The whole was tied up for the benefit of this child, who, in occasional visits with his father and mother at Norland, had so far gained on the affections of his uncle, by such attractions as are by no means unusual in children of two or three years old; an imperfect articulation, an earnest desire of having his own way, many cunning tricks, and a great deal of noise, as to outweigh all the value of all the attention which, for years, he had received from his niece and her daughters.
在西奥多·德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》里，有这样的句子出现：
-- Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser Chapter I THE MAGNET ATTRACTING--A WAIF AMID FORCES When Caroline Meeber boarded the afternoon train for Chicago, her total outfit consisted of a small trunk, a cheap imitation alligator-skin satchel, a small lunch in a paper box, and a yellow leather snap purse, containing her ticket, a scrap of paper with her sister's address in Van Buren Street, and four dollars in money.
-- A gush of tears at her mother's farewell kiss, a touch in her throat when the cars clacked by the flour mill where her father worked by the day, a pathetic sigh as the familiar green environs of the village passed in review, and the threads which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken.
-- There was the great city, bound more closely by these very trains which came up daily.
-- Half the undoing of the unsophisticated and natural mind is accomplished by forces wholly superhuman.
-- Caroline, or Sister Carrie, as she had been half affectionately termed by the family, was possessed of a mind rudimentary in its power of observation and analysis.
在马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》里，有这样的句子出现：
-- The shadings have not been done in a hap- hazard fashion, or by guesswork; but painstakingly, and with the trustworthy guidance and support of personal familiarity with these several forms of speech.
-- That book was made by Mr. Mark Twain, and he told the truth, mainly.
-- The widow she cried over me, and called me a poor lost lamb, and she called me a lot of other names, too, but she never meant no harm by it.
-- When you got to the table you couldn't go right to eating, but you had to wait for the widow to tuck down her head and grumble a little over the victuals, though there warn't really anything the matter with them, that is, nothing only everything was cooked by itself.
-- After supper she got out her book and learned me about Moses and the Bulrushers, and I was in a sweat to find out all about him; but by and by she let it out that Moses had been dead a considerable long time; so then I didn't care no more about him, because I don't take no stock in dead people.
在卡洛·科洛迪的《木偶奇遇记》里，有这样的句子出现：
-- The Adventures of Pinocchio by C. Collodi [Pseudonym of Carlo Lorenzini] Translated from the Italian by Carol Della Chiesa CHAPTER 1 How it happened that Mastro Cherry, carpenter, found a piece of wood that wept and laughed like a child.
-- "You are not yet finished, and you start out by being impudent to your poor old father.
-- When his legs were limbered up, Pinocchio started walking by himself and ran all around the room.
-- At last, by sheer luck, a Carabineer* happened along, who, hearing all that noise, thought that it might be a runaway colt, and stood bravely in the middle of the street, with legs wide apart, firmly resolved to stop it and prevent any trouble.
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