摘要：下面整理的是AP生物各章重点概念总结，考前精析，帮助大家备考AP生物考试，小马祝大家都能取得优异成绩。
下面整理的是AP生物各章重点概念总结，考前精析，帮助大家备考AP生物考试，小马祝大家都能取得优异成绩。
Adaptation 适应性改变
Any inherited structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring is called an adaptation.
Evolution 进化
The gradual change in a species through adaptations over time is evolution.
Growth 生长
Growth results in an increase in the amount of living meterial and the formation of new structures.
Reproduction 繁殖
One of the most obvious of all the characteristics of life is reproduction, the production of offspring.
Species 物种
A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature.
Stimulus 刺激
Anything in an organism’s external or internal environment that causes the organism to react is a stimulus.
Dependent variable 因变量
The condition that any changes in it depend on changes made to the independent variable is called dependent variable.
Independent variable 自变量
The condition in an experiment that is tested is the independent variable.
Ecology 生态学
Ecology is the study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment.
Ecosystem 生态系统
An ecosystem is made up of interacting populations in a biological community and the community’s abiotic factors.
Niche 小生境
A niche is all strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment.
Autotroph 自养生物
An organism that uses light energy or energy stored in chamical compounds to make energy-rich compounds is a producer, or autotroph.
Heterotroph 异养生物
An organism that cannot make its own food and feeds on other organisms is called a heterotroph.
Food chain 食物链
A food chain is a simple model that species use to show how matter and energy move through an ecosystem. In a food chain, nutrients and energy move from autotrophs to heterotrophs and, eventually, to decomposers.
Limiting factor 限制因素
A limiting factor is any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of an organisms.
Tolerance 耐受性
The ability of an organism to withstand fluctuations in biotic and abiotic environmental factors is known as tolerance.
Primary succesion 原生演替
The colonization if barren land by communities of organisms is called primary succesion.
原生演替( primary succession )在完全没有植物的基础上，如海洋上隆起的新岛，火山的溶岩流，新形成的湖沼等地方因植物移居发生的演替
Carrying capacity 环境容量
The number of organisms of one species that an environment can support indefinitely is its carrying capacity.
Exponential growth 指数增长
Exponential growth means that as a populetion get larger, it also grows at a faster rate.
Biodiversity 生物多样性
Biodiversity refers to the variety of species in a specific area.
Endangered species 濒危物种
A species is considered to be an endangered species when its numbers become so low that extinctions is possible.
Extinction 灭绝
Extinction is the disappearance of a species when the last of its members dies.
Diffusion 扩散
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Organelle 细胞器
With the development of better mocroscopes, scientists observed that all cells contain small, specialized structures called organelles, such as mitochondria, chloroplast and ribosme.
Nucleus 细胞核
The central membrane-bound organelle that manages or controls cellular functions is called the nucleus.
Plasma membrane 细胞质膜
Plasma membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environment, to allow a steady supply of these nutrients to come into the cell no matter what the external conditions are.
Selective permeability 选择通透性
Selective permeability is a process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through while keeping others out.选择透过性专指细胞膜上膜蛋白的选择透过作用。如选择K+和N+进入细胞膜
Phospholipid 磷脂
A phospholipid has a glyceral backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a pgosphate group.含有一个或多个磷酸基的脂质。是构成细胞膜的主要脂分子
Transport protein 转运蛋白
Transport proteins move needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane.在叶绿体内膜上有很多运输蛋白选择性转运出入叶绿体的分子。叶绿体内膜上所有转运蛋白的运输作用都是靠浓度梯度驱动的,而不是主动运输。这不仅与细胞质膜的运输蛋白不同,也与线粒体内膜的运输系统不同,在线粒体内膜中也有主动运输的转运蛋白
Chloroplast 叶绿体
Chloroplasts are cell organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy.植物细胞中由双层膜围成，含有叶绿素能进行光合作用的细胞器。间质中悬浮有由膜囊构成的类囊体，内含叶绿体DNA。
Chlorophyll 叶绿素
Chlorophyll traps light energy and gives leaves and stems their green color.植物叶绿体内含有卟啉环的主要光合作用色素。可吸收光能用于光合作用
Chromatin 染色质
The master set of directions for making proteins is contained in chromatin, which are strands of the genetic naterial, DNA.间期细胞核中由DNA和组蛋白构成的染色物质
Endoplasmic reticulum 内质网
One particular organelle in a eukaryotic cell, the endoplasmic reticulum, is the site of cullular chemical reactions.
Mitochondria 线粒体
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles in plant and animal cells that transform energy for the cell.
真核细胞中由双层高度特化的单位膜围成的细胞器。主要功能是通过氧化磷酸化作用合成ATP，为细胞各种生理活动提供能量。
Ribosome 核糖体
Ribosomes are the sites where the cell produces proteins according to the directions of DNA.
一切活细胞(真核细胞、原核细胞)中均有，它是进行蛋白质合成的重要细胞器，主要由RNA和蛋白质构成， 其惟一功能是按照mRNA的指令将氨基酸合成蛋白质多肽链，所以核糖体是细胞内蛋白质合成的分子机器。
Active transport 主动运输
Movement of materials through a membrane against a concentration gradient is called active transport and requires energy from the cell.指物质逆浓度梯度，在载体的协助下，在能量的作用下运进或运出细胞膜的过程。Na+、K+和Ca2+等离子，都不能自由地通过磷脂双分子层，它们从低浓度一侧运输到高浓度一侧，需要载体蛋白的协助，同时还需要消耗细胞内化学反应所释放的能量。
Passive transport 被动运输
Some molecules can pass through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion. The cell uses no energy to move these particles; therefore, this movement of particles across the membrane is classified as passive transport简单扩散①沿浓度梯度(或电化学梯度)扩散;②不需要提供能量;③没有膜蛋白的协助。协助扩散faciliatied diffusion)，其运输特点是： ①比自由扩散转运速率高; ②存在最大转运速率; 在一定限度内运输速率同物质浓度成正比。如超过一定限度，浓度再增加，运输也不再增加。因膜上载体蛋白的结合位点已达饱和; ③有特异性，即与特定溶质结合。条件：对应所运输物质的蛋白质，顺浓度差。
MITOSIS 有丝分裂
A period of nuclear division. Contains prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase有纺锤体染色体出现，真核细胞的染色质凝集成染色体、复制的姐妹染色单体在纺锤丝的牵拉下分向两极，从而产生两个染色体数和遗传性相同的子细胞核的一种细胞分裂类型。通常划分为前期、中期、后期和末期。这种分裂方式普遍见于高等动植物,是真核细胞分裂产生体细胞的过程。
Photosynthesis 光合作用
The process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars is called photosynthesis.
Electron transport chain 电子传递链
The highly energized, or excited, electrons which are transferred from the energy in the sunlight are passed from chlorophyll to an electron transport chain, a series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane.多种递电子体或递氢体按次序排列的连接情况。生物氧化过程中各物质氧化脱下的氢，大多由辅酶接受，这些还原性辅酶的氢在线粒体内膜上经一系列递电子体(或递氢体)形成的连锁链，逐步传送到氧分子而生成水。此种连锁过程与细胞内呼吸过程密切相关。植物的叶绿体中则存在光合电子传递链以传递电子，完成光合作用中水分解出氧，形成NADPH的过程。
Cellular respiration 细胞呼吸
The process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP is called cellular respiration. There are 3 stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. The first stage, glycolysis, is anaerobic --- no oxygen is required. The last 2 stages are aerobic and require oxygen to be conpleted.
物质在细胞内的氧化分解。氧的消耗和二氧化碳、水及ATP)的生成，根本意义给机体提供可利用的能量。分为有氧呼吸和无氧呼吸
一、有氧呼吸场所：细胞质基质，线粒体
第一：葡萄糖再酶的作用下分解成丙酮酸和还原态的氢[H]和少量的氧气不需要氧气参与，细胞质基质中完成
第二：丙酮酸和水在酶的作用下生成CO2和[H]+少量能量不需要氧气参与，在线粒体基质中完成的
第三(有氧呼吸的重点)：[H]和氧气在酶的作用下产生了水，能量
这阶段需要氧气参与，在线粒体内膜上完成
二、无氧呼吸场所：细胞质基质
第一阶段和有氧呼吸第一阶段相同，葡萄糖在酶的作用下分解成丙酮酸和还原态的氢[H]和少量的氧气，不需要氧气参与，在细胞质基质中完成
1、产生乳酸的无氧呼吸方程式：C6H12O6=(酶) 2 C3H6O3(乳酸)+少量能量
即葡萄糖在酶的作用下生了乳酸和少量能量
2、产生酒精的无氧呼吸方程式:2 C6H12O6=(酶)2 C2H5OH(酒精)+2CO2 +少量能量
即葡萄糖在酶的作用下产生了酒精和二氧化碳
有氧呼吸远大于无氧呼吸，无氧呼吸放出2个ATP
Glycolysis 糖酵解
Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose, a six-carbon compound, into two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon acid.
糖酵解是指在氧气不足条件下，葡萄糖或糖原分解为乳酸的过程，此过程中伴有少量ATP的生成。这一过程是在细胞质中进行，不需要氧气，每一反应步骤基本都由特异的酶催化
Unit 1 The Chemistry of Life 生命中的化学
ionic bonding 离子键
covalent bonding 共价键
hydrogen bonding 氢键
polar, (non polar)molecule 极性 (非极性)分子
monomer 单体
polymer 多聚物
functional group (有机化学中的)功能团
carbohydrate 糖类，碳水化合物
protein 蛋白质
lipid 脂类
nucleic acid 核酸
DNA 脱氧核糖核酸
RNA 核糖核酸
enzyme 生物酶
activation energy 反应起始需要的能量
Unit 2 The Cell 细胞
prokaryote 原核生物
eukaryote 真核生物
cell membrane 细胞膜
phospholipid bilayer 磷脂双分子层
fluid mosaic model (生物膜的)流动镶嵌模型
diffusion 扩散
osmosis 渗透
active transport 主动运输
exocytosis 胞吐
endocytosis 胞吞
organelle 细胞器
chloroplast 叶绿体
mitochondria 线粒体
lysosome 溶酶体
ribosome 核糖体
cytoskeleton 细胞骨架
cellular respiration 细胞呼吸
fermentation 发酵，无氧呼吸
glycolysis 糖酵解
chemiosmosis 化学偶联
citric acid (kreb’s) cycle 三羧酸循环
oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化
electron transport chain 电子传递链
lactic acid 乳酸
photosynthesis 光合作用
autotrophy 自养生物
heterotrophy 异养生物
light reaction 光反应
calvin cycle (dark reaction) 暗反应
thylakoid 类囊体
stroma 叶绿体基质
carbon fixation 固碳(合成糖)的反应
Unit 3 Genetics 遗传
mitosis 有丝分裂
chromosome 染色体
interphase 间期
prophase 前期
metaphase 中期
anaphase 后期
telophase 末期
cytokinesis 胞质分裂
meiosis 减数分裂
haploid 单倍体
diploid 双倍体
sister chromatid 姐妹染色单体
allele 等位基因
dominant 显性
recessive 隐性
phenotype 表现型
genotype 基因型
homozygous 纯合子
heterozygous 杂合子
P,F1,F2 generation 母代，子一代，子二代
test cross 测交
law of segregation 分离定律
law of independent assortment 自由组合定律
incomplete dominance 不完全显性
codominance 共显性
sex-linked 伴性遗传
DNA replication DNA复制
semi-conservative replication 半保留复制
polymerase 复制酶(延长DNA链)
replication fork 复制叉
okazaki fragment 冈崎片段
mutation 突变
frame shift 读码框迁移
transcription 转录
introns 内含子
exons 外显子
translation 翻译
virus 病毒
bacteriophage 噬菌体
retrovirus 逆转录病毒
bacteria 细菌
conjugation 接合(通过F因子)
transduction 转导(通过病毒)
transformation 转化(通过感受态细胞)
gene expression 基因表达
operon 操纵子
recombinant DNA DNA重组级数
restriction enzyme 限制性内切酶
plasmid 质粒
gel electrophoresis 凝胶电泳
PCR polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应
DNA sequencing DNA测序
Human genome project 人类基因组工程
Unit 4 Mechanisms of evolution 进化原理
paleontology 古生物学
embryology 胚胎学
comparative anatomy 比较解剖学
homologous structures 同源性结构
analogous structures 同功性结构
artificial selection 人工选择
natural selection 自然选择
bottle-neck effect 瓶颈效应
hardy-weinberg equilibrium H-W群体进化平衡(公式)
gene drift 基因漂移
gene flow 基因扩散
allopatric isolation 地理隔离
sympatric isolation 非地理隔离
divergent evolution 发散式进化
convergent evolution 聚合式进化
parallel evolution 平行式进化
gradualism 渐变式进化
punctuated equilibrium 跃进式进化
endosymbiotic theory 内共生学说
Unit 5 Biological diversity 生物分类和多样性
Three domain 生物三界
Archaea 古生菌
thermophile 嗜热菌
halophile 嗜盐菌
protist 原生生物
algae 原生藻
diatom 硅藻
fungi 真菌
moss 苔藓植物
fern 羊厥植物
gymnosperm 裸子植物
angiosperm 被子植物
bilateral 体对称
invertebrate 无脊椎动物
vertebrate 有脊椎动物
Unit 6 Plant form and function 植物结构和功能
parenchyma 薄壁组织
collenchyma 厚角组织
sclerenchyma 厚壁组织
vascular tissue 维管组织
xylem 木质部
phloem 韧皮部
sieve tube 筛管细胞
companion cell 伴随细胞
root 根
root hair 根毛
cortex 皮质
leaf 叶
stomata 气孔细胞
guard cell 保卫细胞
vascular bundle 维管束鞘
transpiration 蒸腾作用
plant hormone 植物激素
auxin 植物生长素
apical dominance 顶端优势
gibberellin 赤霉素
cytokinin 细胞分裂素
ethylene 乙烯 催熟剂
abscisic acid (ABA) 脱落酸
phototropism 趋光性
photoperiodism 光周期性
Unit 7 Animal form and function 动物生理和功能
homeostasis 动态平衡，稳态
respiratory System 呼吸系统
gill 鳃
lung 肺
hemoglobin 血红蛋白
circulatory System 循环系统
open circulatory system 开放循环系统
closed circulatory system 闭合循环系统
heart 心脏
atria 动脉
ventricle 静脉
valve 心瓣
pulmonary circuit 肺循环
systemic circuit 体循环
capillary 毛细血管
RBC 红细胞
WBC 白细胞
platelet 血小板
plasma 血浆
excretory system 泌尿系统
urea 尿素
uric acid 尿酸
digestive system 消化系统
salivary amylase 唾液淀粉酶
pharynx 咽
stomach 胃
pepsin 胃蛋白酶
small intestine 小肠
pancreas 胰腺
liver 肝脏
gall bladder 胆
large intestine 大肠
nervous system 神经系统
peripheral (神经)末梢区域的
animal behavior 动物行为
FAP (sign stimlulus) 应激反应
imprinting 印随
classical conditioning 经典条件作用，条件反射
operant conditioning 操作性条件反射
habituation 条件适应
Unit 8 Ecology 生态
survivorship curves 生存曲线
exponential growth 指数生长
carrying capacity (一个环境条件所允许的最大种群数量)负载力
r-selected, K-selected 见相关课本
predation 捕食者
symbiosis 共生
mutualism 互利共生
commensalism 非互利共生
parasitism 寄生
biome 生境
tropical rain forest 热带雨林
savanna 热带稀树大草原
temperate grassland 温带草原
temperate deciduous forest 温带落叶林
desert 沙漠
taiga 针叶林
tundra 冻原
freshwater 淡水生境
marine 海水生境
primary producer 初级生产者
primary consumer 初级消费者
secondary consumer 次级消费者
tertiary consumer 三级消费者
decomposer 分解者
food web 食物链
ecological pyramid 食物链金字塔
eutrophication 富营养化
carbon cycle 碳循环
water cycle 水循环
nitrogen cycle 氮循环
phosphorus cycle 磷循环
greenhouse effect, global warming 温室效应
ozone depletion 臭氧层变薄
acid rain 酸雨
loss of habitat & biodiversity 生物多样性受损
deforestation 森林砍伐和破坏
introduced species 外来入侵生物
overexploitation 过度开发
desertification 沙漠化
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